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Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a group of over 200 related viruses, some of which can lead to health issues ranging from harmless warts to serious cancers. While most HPV infections are harmless and clear up on their own, certain high-risk strains can persist and increase the risk of cancers, including cervical, anal, and throat cancer. HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), spreading through skin-to-skin contact, primarily during sexual activity.
How does HPV spread?
HPV is primarily transmitted through vaginal, anal, or oral sex with an infected person. It can also spread through close skin-to-skin contact, even without penetration. Because HPV often shows no symptoms, many people are unaware they are infected, making it easy to spread unknowingly.
Symptoms and health risks of HPV
Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve on their own. However, some strains can lead to health problems:
| HPV Type | Symptons/Risks |
|---|---|
|
Low-risk HPV |
Genital warts, hand/foot warts |
|
High-risk HPV |
Cervical, anal, throat, and other cancers |
HPV and cancer: What you need to know
Persistent infections with high-risk HPV strains are responsible for several cancers:
Cervical cancer: Virtually all cases are caused by HPV, with types 16 and 18 accounting for 70% of cases worldwide.
Anal cancer: Over 90% of cases are linked to HPV.
Oropharyngeal (throat) cancer: 70% of cases are caused by HPV.
Penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers: HPV is responsible for 63%, 75%, and 69% of these cancers, respectively.
HPV and cervical cancer: A closer look
Cervical cancer is almost entirely caused by high-risk HPV infections. When the immune system fails to clear the virus, it can cause changes in cervical cells, leading to precancerous lesions. If untreated, these lesions can develop into cervical cancer. Regular screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV tests, are critical for early detection and prevention.
How to prevent HPV and related cancers
Get Vaccinated: The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infections from high-risk strains. It is recommended for boys and girls aged 9–14, before they become sexually active. The vaccine is also recommended for adults up to age 45 who haven’t been vaccinated.
Regular Screenings: Pap smears and HPV tests can detect precancerous changes early, allowing for timely treatment.
Practice Safe Sex: Using condoms and dental dams can reduce the risk of HPV transmission.
Limit Sexual Partners: Reducing the number of sexual partners lowers the likelihood of exposure to HPV.
Key Takeaways
HPV is a common STI that can lead to cancer if left untreated.
Vaccination is the best way to prevent HPV and related cancers.
Regular screenings and safe sex practices are essential for reducing risks.
